TNF and Behcet disease: Reduced SCFA production (Pirozzi et al., 2018) and LPS leakage (Chen et al., 2008) in BD patients can also trigger an intestinal inflammatory response, enhancing release of cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α, all of which are potent activators of the HPA axis (Turnbull and Rivier, 1995).