Figure 3 displayed the anti-fibrotic effects of the three treatments. Compared with the CKD group, the expression of α-SMA was significantly downregulated by PE or HDD (P < 0.05). As shown in Figure 3(b)–3(c), 3 weeks of adenine-administration resulted in a significantly increased expression of Col-IV and FN (P < 0.0001). HDD attenuated this trend, and amplified this anti-fibrotic effect in combined with the PE treatment (P < 0.01). In addition, the combination of the two treatments exhibited more inhibitory effect on Col-IV expression than PE treatment alone (P < 0.001). Here, ACTA1 is linked to chronic kidney disease.