VEGFA and neoplasm: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) not only promotes angiogenesis in tumors but also fundamentally programs an immunosuppressive TME by recruiting and inducing immunosuppressive cells including regulatory T cells, tumor-associated macrophages, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (Kudo, 2020; Morse et al., 2019; Zhu et al., 2011).