Upon tabulating all the markers and comparing the varied effects after neonatal exposure to DES and E2 (Additional file 1: Table S5), crucial changes that initiate testicular cancer include increased numbers of transformed VSELs expressing embryonic markers and CD166 accompanied by blocked differentiation, loss of Sertoli cells, global hypomethylation, loss of p53 and Pten along with increased expression of Ki67. Here, PTEN is linked to testicular cancer.