Two factors, PAX8 and HNF1 homeobox B (HNF1B), showed strong specificity for ccRCC cells (Fig. 1a, b), a result supported by an analysis of public genome-wide CRISPR–Cas9 and RNAi screening data12,13,17–19 (Extended Data Fig. 1a) and by validation experiments in several ccRCC cell lines in vitro and in vivo (Extended Data Fig. 1b–h). The gene discussed is HNF1B; the disease is nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma.