It is also critical to determine if there are unfavorable effects of gastrin-SiO2 microspheres treatment because gastrin stimulation may take part in colon or stomach carcinogenesis by increasing proliferation and information in tumor cells.30–33 As shown in Figure S11, the colon cancer promoting markers (cancerantigen 199, prostate-specific antigen, and carcino-embryonic antigen) were not affected by high-salt diet or gastrin-SiO2 microsphere treatment. Here, GAST is linked to malignant colon neoplasm.