TSC1 and colorectal carcinoma: Mutations in the p110α coding gene PIK3CA occur in 15% to 18% of CRC cases 93,94 and deregulated mTOR signaling has been identified in 50-60% of HCC cases 90,95 due to frequent mutations in tuberous sclerosis complex-1 and 2 (TSC1/TSC2 ̧ 96).