Notably, Pyonteck SM et al. found CSF1/CSF1R blockade, the most widely studied axis for TAM depletion and reducing tumor volume in several xenograft models 15, blocked glioma growth and progression through a mechanism in which TAMs were not depleted but were instead 're-educated' within the glioma microenvironment 15. This evidence concerns the gene CSF1 and glioma.