Notably, Pyonteck SM et al. found CSF1/CSF1R blockade, the most widely studied axis for TAM depletion and reducing tumor volume in several xenograft models 15, blocked glioma growth and progression through a mechanism in which TAMs were not depleted but were instead 're-educated' within the glioma microenvironment 15. The gene discussed is CSF1; the disease is central nervous system cancer.