TNF and colitis: We found that C3G was able to downregulate mRNA expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 in the cortex region of the brains of APPswe/PS1ΔE9 mice, which is consistent with the findings of a previous study that established the protective effects of C3G and cyanidin in a colitis mouse model [65].