TLR3 and malaria: To gain further insights into the potential of RIG-I/MDA5 and TLR3 ligands to induce protective immune responses against malaria, we tested the adjuvant effects of a RIG-I agonist, 5’-triphosphate double-stranded RNA (5’ppp-dsRNA) (29), and a TLR3 agonist, polyadenylic–polyuridylic acid or poly(A:U) (30).