Indeed, for the diagnosis of AKI in 529 critically ill patients in the intensive care unit, cystatin-C, interleukin-18 (IL-18), NGAL, kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), and γ-glutamyltranspeptidase demonstrated optimal performance earlier (≤ 12 h after injury) in patients with preserved kidney function (eGFR ≥ 60 ml/min) and later (12–36 h after injury) in patients with reduced kidney function (eGFR < 60 ml/min) (43). Here, HAVCR1 is linked to acute kidney injury.