BDNF and congenital rubella syndrome: Our previous studies also found that ginsenosides Rd and Re (10, 20, or 40 mg/kg, p.o.)have potentially neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties, as manifested by significantly reducing the expression of hippocampal pro-inflammatory factors and NLRP3 inflammasome related protein, as well as enhancing endogenous antioxidant factor Nrf2, and mediating PI3K-AKT and BDNF signaling pathways in mice exposed to CRS [129, 202].