The levels of anti-inflammatory and/or anti-permeability factors, such as interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA), heat shock protein-70 (HSP-70), and adrenomedullin, are higher in AMS-resistant subjects than in AMS-susceptible subjects, whereas the levels of the chemotactic factors C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) are independent of the AMS status11. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and ablepharon macrostomia syndrome.