INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: These data reinforce the fact that although IGRP is the major autoantigen in the islets in NOD mice during the progression of T1D (Lieberman et al, 2003; Trudeau et al, 2003), multiple epitopes such as insulin and glutamate decarboxylase are targeted by CD8 T cells in both NOD mice and human T1D patients (Amdare et al, 2021).