HMGB1 and COVID-19: In the context of COVID-19 immunopathogenesis, excessive amounts of necrotic cells may lead to high levels of circulating DAMP, such as HMGB1 and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), both of which correlate with disease severity (Chen et al., 2020; Han et al., 2020; Rodrigues et al., 2021).