Interestingly, a few studies have shown that PTP1B has a pro-neuroinflammation ability through its enhancement of the release of TNF-α, iNOS, and IL-6170,171 in the brain or GSK3β in PD.172 Recently, PTP1B was demonstrated to have dual roles in modulating the inflammation response in alcoholic liver injury173 and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease174 through its modulation of the inflammatory response. This evidence concerns the gene PTPN1 and Parkinson disease.