The primary prevention plan includes identifying and modifying risk factors, maintaining perioperative fluid, electrolyte and acid-base balance, appropriately controlling heart rate, reducing myocardial oxygen consumption, avoiding myocardial ischemia, taking appropriate heart protective drugs, timely treating sepsis, etc. Cardiovascular medical treatments include antiplatelets, β-blockers, statins, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Here, ACE is linked to myocardial ischemia.