Numerous cytokines and chemokines are elevated in the CSF of adult and pediatric TBM patients, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-10, IL-6, IL-8, IL-2, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 and macrophage Inflammatory Protein (MIP)-1α among others (18–21). Here, TNF is linked to meningeal tuberculosis.