To date, only imiquimod (TLR7 specific agonist) has been approved by the FDA for the topical treatment of squamous and basal cell carcinomas; others, like poly I: C (TLR3 agonist), resiquimod and NKTR-262 (TLR7/8 agonists), and CMP-001 and tilsotolimod (TLR9 agonist), have been developed and evaluated in early-phase clinical trials, either as adjuvants for cancer vaccines to boost anti-tumor responses or in combination with other treatments (264) (Figure 1B). The gene discussed is TLR7; the disease is neoplasm.