The role of macrophages in the transition from a benign to a malignant tumor has been studied in only a few cancer models (mammary, skin, and pancreatic cancers) (137–139) and, at least in mammary tumors, premature recruitment of macrophages by overexpression of colony stimulator factor 1 (CSF1) promotes the transition to malignancy (138). Here, CSF1 is linked to familial pancreatic carcinoma.