JUN and cancer: Namely, Prx1 has proved to be a tumor promoter in numerous types of cancer, by interacting with cancer-associated signal pathways including (I) increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), (II) activation of c-Jun and AP-1, (III) inhibition of E-cadherin and consequent induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and (IV) suppression of apoptosis through the inhibition of ASK-1 (Nicolussi et al., 2017).