In accordance with such findings, a previous study conducted by Andersen et al. found that exosomes derived from head and neck cancer cells were able to increase the expression of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and further promoted the function of NK cells with respect to proliferation, cytotoxicity, and the release of perforin and granzyme M [29, 30]. Here, IRF3 is linked to head and neck cancer.