In multiple previous studies, somatic mutations of NFE2L2, the homolog of NFE2L3, was detected in plasma cell-free DNA (cfDNA) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC), and was regarded as a non-invasive biomarker for tumor risk prediction and overall survival (Jeong et al., 2017; Jiao et al., 2021). This evidence concerns the gene NFE2L3 and squamous cell lung carcinoma.