TNF and neoplasm: Though TAMs are able to express markers of either polarization phenotype, pro-inflammatory (M1-like) macrophages are generally observed upon entering to the tumor site 11, but these macrophages, stimulated by the type 1 T helper cell (Th1) cytokines are known to exhibit anti-tumor capacity by generating anti-tumor cytokines (such as TNF, IL-2, and IL-12) and reactive nitrogen and oxygen intermediates 9, 12, 13.