Currently, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting the ICPs CTLA-4, PD1 and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) have been approved by the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medical Agency (EMA) for the treatment of diverse cancers including metastatic melanoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), colorectal carcinoma (CRC), renal cell carcinoma (RCC) as well as head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) (22). Here, CD274 is linked to head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.