In contrast, in other tumors, including for example NSCLC, tumor cell intrinsic PD1 plays an anti-tumor role (33), which is due to a PD1-mediated inhibition of the AKT and ERK 1/2 pathways and has been associated with an increased tumor cell apoptosis and altered T cell proliferation (33, 34). Here, PDCD1 is linked to neoplasm.