In the context of sepsis, TLR4 transduces signals from pathogen-derived molecular pattern (PAMP) molecules such as endotoxin/lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (16), whereas in the setting of trauma TLR4 mediates signals from damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecules such as high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) (17). Here, HMGB1 is linked to Sepsis.