TNF and clostridium difficile infection: In contrast with the NC group, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, CCL1, CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CCL17, CCL22, CXCL10, and CXCL13 were elevated significantly in CDI mice, and are related to intestinal inflammation (P < 0.05; Figure 3B).