VEGFA and cancer: In recent years, more cases of paraneoplastic nephropathy have been reported with clinical manifestations of hematuria and proteinuria, and many hypotheses and explanations have been proposed, including immune factors, tumor antigen deposition, antigen-antibody complex formation, vascular endothelial growth factor dysregulation and cancer-associated thrombotic microangiopathy, and mainly focusing on injury to the glomeruli and renal vessels (Eriguchi et al., 1998; Bacchetta et al., 2009; Lien and Lai, 2011).