In a study of a rat brain model of cognitive impairment, probenecid was found to inhibit the activation of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain receptor pyrindomain-containing 1 (NLRP1) inflammasomes and reduce the activation of caspase-1, which in turn reduced the degree of cognitive impairment in rats (Mawhinney et al., 2011). The gene discussed is CASP1; the disease is Cognitive impairment.