TNF and breast cancer: For instance, cytokines generated by M2-TAMs (including TNF-α and TGF-ß) induce angiogenesis in breast cancer (Bingle et al., 2006), and the activation of M2-TAMs leads to poor prognosis among patients with tumours (lymphoma, breast cancer, etc.)(Dave et al., 2004; Paik et al., 2004).