Using an acute, “fast progression” and a chronic, “slow progression” model of CCM, the authors demonstrated that the expression of Ccl2, Cxcl2, Cx3cl1 and other immune-related genes was significantly upregulated in brain microvascular ECs of Ccm3iECKO mice [48]. The gene discussed is CX3CL1; the disease is cerebral cavernous malformation.