CYCS and cancer: In addition, the anti-cancer effect of CAPs is also associated with various membrane-dependent mechanisms, such as activating apoptotic pathways via DNA fragmentation and cytochrome c release, inducing mitochondrial membrane permeabilization, inducing necrotic cell death via l-type calcium channel activation, ROS production, and activation of the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway, and inducing membrane blebbing and lysis [25,48,54,55].