Furthermore, Butyricicoccus (Eeckhaut et al., 2013) are butyrate-producing bacteria associated with decreased intestinal myeloperoxidase, tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-12 levels in inflammatory bowel disease rat models, contributing to reduced pro-inflammatory potential in the gut microenvironment (Eeckhaut et al., 2013). Here, TNF is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.