T1D is characterized by the involvement of cellular immunity, genetic susceptibility, and the presence of specific circulating autoantibodies (-Abs) such as islet cells Abs (ICA), insulin auto-Abs (IAA), glutamic acid decarboxylase Abs (GADA), and antiprotein tyrosine phosphatase- (PTP-) like antigen IA-2-Abs (IA-2A). Here, INS is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.