MAPK3 and childhood onset asthma: Molecular studies have indicated that Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, including extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK), are involved in the inflammatory response and development of airway remodeling during childhood asthma (Lee et al., 2019b; Jia et al., 2019).