Concretely, ERK1/2 is involved in airway remodeling (Defnet et al., 2019), while p38 MAPK and JNK are considered as anti-inflammation targets to regulate inflammatory processes via phosphorylation of downstream mediators in childhood asthma (Kim and Choi, 2010; Pulido and Lang, 2019; Theodorou et al., 2022). This evidence concerns the gene MAPK3 and childhood onset asthma.