TXNIP and Hyperglycemia: In particular, it has been reported that hyperglycemia enhances intravascular ROS production through the activation of numerous enzymes such as those of mitochondrial respiratory chain, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, uncoupled endothelial nitric oxidase synthase (eNOS), and thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) (Granger and Kvietys, 2015) as such phenomena have been recognized to play a pivotal role in the genesis and development of atherosclerosis either at peripheral vascular or at cardiac levels (Hasheminasabgorji and Jha, 2021; Li et al., 2021).