Furthermore, an altered proportion of CD4+/CD8+ T lymphocytes was reported in PBMCs from L-SIL and CC cases, in relation to healthy donors (8); also in women with CC, the CD8+ T cells were predominant compared with CD4+ (8); this difference may be explained for the high levels of TGF-β in these patients, which induce apoptosis in CD4+ lymphocytes, but not in CD8+ T cells (46). Here, TGFB1 is linked to squamous cell intraepithelial neoplasia.