Crucially, immune cell subpopulations and specific tumor antigens must be identified that elicit a strong and specific immune response, as failure of past cancer vaccine trials can be attributed in large part to the cell types targeted and selection of inappropriate tumor antigens that have weak inherent immune potential.9,10 Additionally, the failure of the immune system to eradicate PDAC may be due to the loss of immunogenicity caused by abnormal expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules.11–13. The gene discussed is HLA-C; the disease is neoplasm.