To identify the key genes associated with DYRK1A-mediated promotion of TGF-β/SMAD signalling, we generated a Venn diagram, which showed that there were 25 overlapping genes among those coexpressed with DYRK1A, SMAD2 and SMAD3 in liver cancer and DYRK1A-interacting proteins (Fig. 5a) [29]. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is liver cancer.