Although no individual genes reached a statistically significant p-value (after correction for multiple testing in a differential gene expression analysis) between good and bad outcome G3pT1 NMIBCs, a gene set level analysis revealed multiple cancer hallmark gene sets that were significantly downregulated in bad outcome tumours (Additional file 1: Table S6), with interferon-alpha and interferon-gamma response pathways being most affected (adjusted p-value < 0.005). This evidence concerns the gene IFNG and cancer.