Furthermore, Hanseniaspora, which is associated with the consumption of fruits and sugary foods, was inversely associated with Lachnospiraceae family and in particular with Blautia, whose relative abundance was related to a higher insulin sensitivity in our GDM patients30, and Debaryomyces, microorganisms with potential health benefit deriving from dairy and fermented foods62 co-exclude Bacteroides. Here, INS is linked to gestational diabetes.