S7C), and therefore findings of this study could also shed light on why Rnd1 is upregulated P. vampyrus cells in response to virus infection. Rnd1 could be one of the factors that make bats such an excellent reservoir host for various pathogens which are fatal to humans. However, it is also important to note that the expression of Rnd1 as an ISG has not been verified in other bat species. Studies of bat immune response to pathogens have been very limited and are complicated by the high degree of species-specific adaptations in interferon responses [33]. The gene discussed is RND1; the disease is viral infectious disease.