To explore the systematic function of 3′-UTR piSNV-affected genes, we used the ‘clusterProfiler’ R package65 to perform functional enrichment analysis and found that 3′-UTR piSNV-affected genes were enriched in some canonical cancer pathways and metabolism-related pathways, such as the Notch/Wnt/PI3K-Akt/MAPK/Ras/Hippo/EGFR/ERBB signaling pathways and insulin/thyroid hormone/estrogen pathways (Fig. 6a, b). Here, AKT1 is linked to cancer.