HBoV1 infection of HAE-ALI or DNA replication in proliferating HEK293 cells triggers a DNA damage response (DDR) with the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase–related kinases (PI3KKs), including ataxia telangiectasia-mutated kinase (ATM), ATM and Rad3-related kinase (ATR), and DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) [30,31]. This evidence concerns the gene PRKDC and infection.