TNF and cancer: RT is a mainstream external treatment modality for cancer, and over 50% of cancer patients receive radiation at some point of the treatment.[165] RT primarily disrupts the chemical bonds between the bases in DNA and/or intracellular components to kill tumor cells through mitotic catastrophe.[166] It has been reported that CRT, HMGB1, and HSP 70 exposed on dead cell surfaces migrate to an extracellular site during RT to elicit ICD.[167] Furthermore, RT can induce secretion of pro‐inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, such as type I IFN, IL‐1β, TNF, and CXCL16 to stimulate DCs maturation.