TNF and endothelial dysfunction: The liver is an essential metabolic organ that contributes to systemic inflammation by secreting inflammatory markers, chemokines, and cytokines (e.g., tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, chemokine (C–C motif) ligand 3, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and hs-CRP), and can adversely affect the cardiovascular system through endothelial dysfunction, enhanced plaque formation, and altered vascular tone and coagulation (39).