CSF2 and cancer: Ongoing mutational processes generate either cancer neoantigens capable of activating tumor-eliminating immune cells (Balachandran et al., 2017; Luksza et al., 2017; Keenan et al., 2019) or produce immune soluble factors such as interleukins (e.g., IL-6, IL1-β), growth factors (e.g., granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)), and chemokines (e.g., CCL4), capable of differentiating immune cells into pro-tumor elements (Bronte et al., 2006; Pylayeva-Gupta et al., 2012; Calcinotto et al., 2018; Fiore et al., 2018; Vitale et al., 2019; Hofer et al., 2021).