TNF and viral encephalitis: observed higher CSF NMDAR antibody titers and increasing trends of cytokine/chemokines (including interleukin [IL]-10, IL-1α, tumor necrosis factor-α, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and vascular endothelial growth factor A) in anti-NMDAR encephalitis patients with OT than in patients without tumors (54), which indicated an inflammatory process in the pathogenesis of paraneoplastic anti-NMDAR encephalitis.