PMEL and melanoma: Additional phase I clinical studies in patients with stage III-IV melanoma treated with a vaccine containing Melan-A/MART-1 peptide, several other TAAs (gp100 and tyrosinase peptides), CpG, and the emulsifying agent Montanide indicate that CpG supports a higher frequencies of antigen-specific T cells with higher effector function as assessed by increased production of IFN-γ, TNF, and IL-2 (93, 94).