When we successfully transfected CCA cells with siRNA pools targeting MACF1 (Supplementary Figs. 4K, L, and 7D), we found that knockdown of MACF1 significantly increased cell apoptosis and reduced CCA cell proliferation and metastasis in functional assays (Fig. 5H–K, and Supplementary Fig. 5A–F). The gene discussed is MACF1; the disease is cholangiocarcinoma.