JAK1 and influenza: Within the PVN, the top canonical pathways included role of JAK2 in hormone-like cytokine signaling (p = 6.22E−04), opioid signaling pathway (p = 1.52E−03), role of Wnt/GSK-3 signaling in the pathogenesis of Influenza (p = 4.63E−03), human embryonic stem cell pluripotency (p = 5.02E−03), and role of JAK1 and JAK3 in cytokine signaling (p = 5.49E−03). In addition, analysis of significant disease pathways in IPA showed considerable overlap between emulsifier conditions but also showed regional differences that likely reflect the region-specific response to emulsifier treatment (Fig. 6).